The microstructure of a material determines its properties. The understanding and modification of microstructure is, in many respects, the foundation of materials analysis and engineering. Like all matter, metals are composed of atoms. These atoms combine in small clusters which are called crystals. Groups of crystals combine to form grains. The size, shape, orientation and [...]
Hydrogen embrittlement fractures occur when a metal absorbs hydrogen from an external source. There are numerous potential sources of hydrogen in both the manufacturing process and service environment. These include moist corrosion, arc welding with damp electrodes, acid pickling or cleaning solutions, and electroplating baths containing hydrochloric acid. In order for a hydrogen embrittlement fracture [...]
Fatigue is the most common type of fracture in engineered components. Fatigue fractures are also particularly dangerous because they can occur under normal service conditions, with no warning that a progressively growing crack is developing until the final catastrophic failure. The component, whether it’s the outer aluminum skin of a commercial jet or a simple [...]
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